Specimen # 13 Teeth Fungi

Name: Hericium coralloides -Comb Tooth FungiFamily: Hericiaceae  Collection October 4, 2011

Fig. 1 Growing on a decaying log
(Kuo, 2003).

Habitat: Found on fallen decaying log on a hillside.    

Location: West Wood Park
Description: Grows alone or in colonies; fruits from fallen trees, on the stump and branches (rarely found growing on living hardwoods). It is widely ditributed and very common. The fruiting body is 8-35 cm across, consisting of branches that arise from a more or less central core, with spines about 1 cm long hanging in rows along the branches; white, or in age discoloring brownish to yellowish. white spore print (Kuo, 2003).

Collector: Brooke Warren
Keys used: Arora, D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified. New York: Ten Speed Press.
Keying steps:
Key to the Basidiomycetes1A. Basidia and spores borne externally (on the exposed surfaces of gills, tubes,
spines, branches, lobes, etc.); spores forcibly discharged at
maturity, i.e., a spore print often (but not always) obtainable; fruiting body with a cap and stalk, or clublike,
or branched, or bracketlike, or crustlike (without a stalk or sometimes without a cap) or lobed  or bloblike, etc. ... 2
2B. Not as above... Hymenomycetes, p. 58

Key to the Hymenomycetes
1B. Not as above; pores and tubes absent... 3
3B. Gills absent (but spines, warts, folds, veins, or wrinkles may be present)... 4
4B. Not as above... Aphyllophorales, p. 548

Key to the Aphyllophorales, p. 548
1A. Fruiting body with a layer of downward-pointing spines or "teeth" on underside of cap or with icicle-like spines
hanging from branches or a cushion of tissues... Hydnaceae, p. 611

Key to the Hydnaceae
1B. Not as above; not growing on cones; stalk if present usually thicker...2
2B. Not as above... 3
3A. Growing on wood... 4
4A. Fruiting body a branched framework or unbranched cushion of tissue from which spines are suspended (i.e. icicle-like);
lacking a distinct cap... Hericium,p. 613

Key to Hericium
1B. Fruiting body branched, the spines hanging from the branches or branch tips (sometimes scarcely branched and
very compact, but if so, then usually growing on conifers)... 2
2B. Growing mainly on hardwoods; fruiting body white when fresh (but may turn yellowish in age); widely distributed...3
3B. Not as above; spines often long (up to 4 cm), arranged mostly in tufts or clusters, especially at the branch tips;
branching open or compact.... H. coralloides (see H. abietis)





Fig.2 Growing on a woody substrate.
Giving an idea of the size of the fungus
(Kuo, 2003).



Fig. 3 Giving an idea of the size of the fungus (Kuo, 2003).

Fig. 4 This toothy fungus is white when fresh,
but over time will eventually discolor and
become yellowish or brownish (Kuo, 2003).

Additional References:
Kuo, M. (2003, October). Hericium coralloides. Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/hericium_coralloides.html

Links:
http://www.mushroomexpert.com/hericium_coralloides.html
http://www.messiah.edu/Oakes/fungi_on_wood/teeth%20and%20spine/species%20pages/Hericium%20coralloides.htm
http://www.arkive.org/coral-tooth/hericium-coralloides/

Specimen # 13 Agaric (gilled) Fungus

Fig. 1 View of both the gill and cap side of the
shelflike fungus (Kuo, 2009).

Name: Hohenbuehella atrocaerulea
Family: Pleurotaceae
Collection date: November 8, 2011
Habitat: Growing on a decaying log
Location: Hiram field station
Description: The cap color ranges from nearly black to dark brown or tanhas (can be consistently darker and sometimes demonstrate blue shades) It grows on the dead wood of hardwoods and, occasionally, conifers. The gills are whitish and eventually become a dull yellow. It grows gregariously or in shelf-like clusters throughout summer and fall. It is widely distributed in eastern North America, and reported from California. The cap is about 2-5 cm across, convex, fan-shaped to semicircular or kidney-shaped. It is rubbery and moist, fairly smooth, it can be finely fuzzy in area, especially towards where it is attached to its substrate. The stem is absent but can sometimes have a pseudostem. It does have a white spore print(Kuo, 2009).
Collector: Brooke Warren
Keys used:Arora, D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified. New York: Ten Speed Press.
Keying steps:
Key to the Basidiomycetes
1A. Basidia and spores borne externally (on the exposed surfaces of gills, tubes,
spines, branches, lobes, etc.); spores forcibly discharged at
maturity, i.e., a spore print often (but not always) obtainable; fruiting body with a cap and stalk, or clublike,
or branched, or bracketlike, or crustlike (without a stalk or sometimes without a cap) or lobed  or bloblike, etc. ... 2
2B. Not as above... Hymenomycetes p. 58


Key to the Hymenomycetes1B. Not as above; pores and tubes absent... 3
3A. Underside of cap with radiating blades (gills)... Agaricales p. 59

Key to the Agaricalesy
1B. Not as above; spores forcibly discharged, hence a spore print obtainable if spores are being produced; gills
exposed at maturity; common and widespread... 2
2A. Spore print white to buff, yellow, yellow-orange, or lilac-tinged...3
3B. Neither volva nor warts present (but cap and stalk may have scales or fibrils)... 4
4B. Not as above; veil absent, or if present the ngills normally attached to stalk... 6
6B. Not as above; gills usually platelike or bladelike... 7
7B. Not as above... 8
8B. Not with above features... 9
9B. Not as above; gills not normally waxy; stalk central to lateral or absent; on ground or wood...
Tricholomataceae, p. 129

Key to the Tricholomatacea
1B. Not growing on other mushrooms, or if so then gills well-developed, thin, close... 2
2B. Not as above... 3
3A. Stalk absent, or if present then typically off center to lateral; usually growing on wood... 4
4B. Fruiting body fleshy, or if tough then not as above... 5
5B. Not as above; gill edges usually entire (but sometimes wavy)... Pleurotus & Allies, p. 132

Key to Pleurotus & Allies
1B. Not with above features... 2
2B. Veil absent in all stages...4
4B. Not as above... 5
5B. Not as above... 6
6B. Not as above... 7
7B. Not as above (larger or differently colored)... 11
11B. Not with above features... 12
12B. Gills some other color (white, gray, brownish, violet, etc., but may age or discolor yellowish)... 15
15B. CAp smaller, or if large then not as above... 17
17B. Not as above.... 18
18B. Not with above features; common... 19
19A. Gills pallid (white to creamy, yellowish, or gray)... 20
20A. Gills narrow (shallow) and crowded; fruiting body small to medium-sized... 21
21B. Not as above... 22
22A. Cap dark grayish-brown to bluish black; usually found in the wild... Hohenbuehelia atrocaerulea
(see H. petaloides group, p.136)

Additional References:
Kuo, M. (2009, April). Hohenbuehelia atrocaerulea var. grisea. Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com
Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/hohenbuehelia_atrocaerulea_grisea.html
Links:
http://www.mushroomexpert.com/hohenbuehelia_atrocaerulea_grisea.html

Specimen #11 Puffball Fungus

Fig. 1 A stump colonized by the pear-shaped puffball fungus
 (Emberger, 2008).

Name: Lycoperdon pyriforme -Pear-Shaped Puffball
Family: Lycoperdaceae
Collection Date: October 4, 2011
Habitat: Growing in clusters on decaying wood
Location: Hiram, Ohio
Description: "The fruiting body is pear-shaped to nearly round, but usually with a stemlike sterile base; 1.5-5 cm high and sometimes almost as broad as broad in the widest part. Peridium (skin) whitish to pale brown when young, yellowish to dark rusty-brown in age; at first smooth or with a few small scattered spines on top, then becoming finely cracked to form small patches or minute granules or particles (making it rough to the touch), this rough outer layer slowly but eventually falling away to expose the smooth inner layer in which an apical pore or tear is very slow to form. The sterile base is small or well-developed, spongy when fresh, occupying the stemlike base (if base present); chambers very small; conspicuous white mycelial threads (rhizomorphs) usually radiating from the base and connected to others in the surrounding wood or humus. The spore mass at first is firm and white, then yellow to olive and finally deep olive-brown and powdery. They tend to be scattered to densely gregarious or clustered on stumps, rotting logs, sawdust, and in lignin-rich humus; widely distributed and common, fruiting mostly in the fall and winter, but old bleached-out fruiting bodies can be found anytime. It is edible when young" (Arora p. 691-692, 1986).
Collector: Brooke Warren
Keys used: Arora, D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified. New York: Ten Speed Press.
Keying steps:

Key to the Major Groups of Fleshy Fungi

1A. Spores produced on mother cells called basidia; fruiting body variously shaped (see pp. 52-54)... Basidiomycotina, p. 57

Key to the Basidiomycetes1B. Basidia and spores borne internally (inside the fruiting body or inside a spore case or small capsules); spores not forcibly discharged, thus a spore print unobtainable Gasteromycetes, p. 676

Key to the Gasteromycetes
1B. Fruiting body differently constructed and usually larger than above... 2
2B. Not as above (but fruting body may be slimy or malodorous at some stage)... 3
3B. Stalk absent or rudimentary... 7
7A. spore case rupturing or disinteggrating at maturity; spore mass firm and solid when young (chambers present hardly discernible), powdery or cottony when mature and usually dispersing fairly soon; columella (internal stalk) typically absent; mature fruiting body usually (but not always) above ground; found in many habitats... Lycoperdales & Allies, p.677

Key to the Lycoperdales & Allies1B. Not as above (fruiting body may rupture in starlike fashion, but if so then there is no separate spore case within)... 2
2B. Spore mass not containing peridioles, or if so then the peridioles considerably larger than grains of sand (usually aappearing more like seeds)... 4
4B. Not as above; peridioles absent; spores produced in a single large chamber (the spore case)... 5
5B. Not as above; skin (peridium) thick or thin; spore mass white when young and normally softening or becoming mushy as it darkens, then becoming powdery; basidia usually borne in a hymenium; capillitium usually present... 6

6B. Not as above... 7

7B. Not as above... 8

8A. Sterile base present, often as a narrowed stemlike base beneath the spore case (section fruiting body lengthwise if unsure)... 9

9B. Fruiting body small to medium-sized (usually smaller than a baseball), typically rupturing through an apical pore, slit, or large mouth; usually thin-skinned... Lycoperdon & Allies, p. 690

Key to Lycoperdon & Allies

1B. Not as above; fruiting body not dark brown when young (but may be pale to medium brown when young and become dark brown in old age)... 2

2A. Growing on wood, sawdust, or lignin-rich humus (if in humus, then base with white mycelial threads or rhizomorphs and spore case with inconspicuous spines if any)... 3

3B. Not as above; fruiting body never pitted, usually with white mycelial threads (rhizomorphs) at base or in surrounding substrate; sterile base well-developed; common and widespread... L. pyriforme &others, p. 691

Fig. 2 This image sowhs the warts on the puffballs peridium (Emberger, 2008).

Fig. 3 Spore cloud (Emberger, 2008).

Additional References:

 Emberger, G. (2008). Lycoperdon Pyriforme. Messiah College.
http://www.messiah.edu/Oakes/fungi_on_wood/puffball%20and%20cushion/species%20pages/Lycoperdon%20pyriforme.htm

Links:

http://www.messiah.edu/Oakes/fungi_on_wood/puffball%20and%20cushion/species%20pages/Lycoperdon%20pyriforme.htm

http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6358.asp

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/2011/wojcik_kyle/classification.htm

Specimen # 15 Agarics (gilled) Fungus

Fig. 1 Shows the beautiful orange
 color of this fungus (Kuo, 2010).

Name: Mycena leaina
Family: Tricholomataceae 
Collection date: October 8, 2011
Habitat: Growing on leaf litter
Location: Hiram field station
Description: Can be found growing individually, but usually found growing in tight dense clusters. Widely distributed throughout the summer and fall. The cap is about 1-4 cm; oval or bell-shaped when young, becoming broadly bell-shaped or convex; sticky to slimy when wet; bald; bright orange, fading to dull orange and eventually almost white; sometimes develops olive green stains when mature; the margin sometimes becomes lined. The gills are attached to the stem; close or crowded; the edges are bright orange while the faces of the gills are orangish to creamy. The stem tends to be 3-7 cm long; 2-4 mm thick; hollow; smooth; fairly tough and cartilagenous; sticky when wet; the base covered with orange to whitish powder or dust; orange or orangish yellow, but paler near the apex (Kuo, 2010).
Collector: Brooke Warren
Key Used: Arora, D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified. New York: Ten Speed Press.
Keying steps:
Key to the Basidiomycetes1A. Basidia and spores borne externally (on the exposed surfaces of gills, tubes,
spines, branches, lobes, etc.); spores forcibly discharged at
maturity, i.e., a spore print often (but not always) obtainable; fruiting body with a cap and stalk, or clublike,
or branched, or bracketlike, or crustlike (without a stalk or sometimes without a cap) or lobed  or bloblike, etc. ... 2
2B. Not as above... Hymenomycetes p. 58


Key to the Hymenomycetes1B. Not as above; pores and tubes absent... 3
3A. Underside of cap with radiating blades (gills)... Agaricales p. 59
Key to the Agaricales
1B. Not as above; spores forcibly discharged, hence a spore print obtainable if spores are being produced; gills
exposed at maturity; common and widespread... 2
2A. Spore print white to buff, yellow, yellow-orange, or lilac-tinged...3
3B. Neither volva nor warts present (but cap and stalk may have scales or fibrils)... 4
4B. Not as above; veil absent, or if present then gills normally attached to stalk... 6
6B. Not as above; gills usually platelike or bladelike... 7
7B. Not as above... 8
8B. Not with above features... 9
9B. Not as above; gills normally waxy; stalk central to lateral or absent; on ground or wood... Tricholomataceae, p.129

Key to the Tricholomataceae
1B. Not growing on other mushrooms, or if so then gills well-developed, thin. close... 2
2B. Not as above... 3
3B. Stalk present, well-developed, more or less central; growing on ground or wood... 6
6B. Not as above (but stalk may have tapered underground "tap root")... 7
7B. Not as above; absent or if present then cap and stalk not granulose... 8
8B. Veil absent or rudimentary and evanescent, not forming an annulus... 9
9B. Not as above... 10
10B. Stalk usually thin and hollow or stuffed and either fragile or cartilaginous (tough), typically 5 mm thick or less (occasionally thicker but then with a tough cartilaginous outer rind)... 23
23B. Not as above... 24
24A. Cap conical or bell-shaped when young (but may expand in age), often translucent-striate when moist, margin not usually incurved when young; stalk not polished or tough... Mycena, p.224

Key to Mycena
1B. Not as above... 4
4A. Fruiting body bright orange to yellow; gills yellow with orange margins; found on hardwoods in eastern North America (usually clustered)... M. leaiana (see M. lilacifolia, p. 236)


Fig. 2 Shows the typical size of the
 fruiting body (Kuo, 2010).



Fig. 3 Marginate gills



Fig. 4 The conspicuous reddish gill edges are an
important identifying field characteristic. Photo © Gary
Emberger.


Additional References:
Kuo, M. (2010, December). Mycena leaiana. Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/mycena_leaiana.html
 Emberger, G. (2008). Mycena leaiana. Messiah College. http://www.messiah.edu/Oakes/fungi_on_wood/gilled%20fungi/species%20pages/Mycena%20leaiana.htm

Links:
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/sep2005.html
http://www.mushroomexpert.com/mycena_leaiana.html
http://www.messiah.edu/Oakes/fungi_on_wood/gilled%20fungi/species%20pages/Mycena%20leaiana.htm

Specimen # 12 Agaric (gilled) Fungus



Fig. 1 Shows a view of what the
gills look like- cream colored and thick.
Also shows the "saclike" base
 (Brooke Warren).

 Name: Amanita vaginata -Grisette
Family: Amanitaceae
Collection date: October 8, 2011
Habitat: Growing under a conifer
Location: Hiram field station
Description: "The cap is 3-10 cm broad, at first oval, then convex and finally plane or with a slight hump in the middle. The surface is slightly viscid when moist, gray to grayish-brown, smooth or sometimes a white patch or patches of universal veil tissue; margin grooved (deeply striate). The flesh is soft, white to grayish, and thin. The gills are white or tinged gray. Spores are white. The stalk is around 7-15 cm long and up to 2 cm thick. It is usually long and slender, smooth and white or covered with delicate gray or grayish-brown scales. The partial veil is absent while the universal veil is membranous, forming a saclike volva that sheathes the stalk but is attached only at the base. The volva is white or tinged gray, loose, and lobed. Usually solitary or scattered in small groups in woods or under trees" (Arora p. 288, 1986).
Collector: Brooke Warren
Keys used: Arora, D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified. New York: Ten Speed Press.
Keying steps:
Key to the Basidiomycetes1A. Basidia and spores borne externally (on the exposed surfaces of gills, tubes,
spines, branches, lobes, etc.); spores forcibly discharged at
maturity, i.e., a spore print often (but not always) obtainable; fruiting body with a cap and stalk, or clublike,
or branched, or bracketlike, or crustlike (without a stalk or sometimes without a cap) or lobed  or bloblike, etc. ... 2
2B. Not as above... Hymenomycetes p. 58


Key to the Hymenomycetes1B. Not as above; pores and tubes absent... 3
3A. Underside of cap with radiating blades (gills)... Agaricales p. 59

Key to the Agaricales
1B. Not as above; spores forcibly discharged, hence a spore print obtainable if spores are being produced; gills
exposed at maturity; common and widespread... 2
2A. Spore print white to buff, yellow, yellow-orange, or lilac-tinged...3
3A. Universal veil enveloping young specimens and forming a volva at base of stalk when it ruptures and or leaving numerous remnants (warts or flat patches) on cap... Amanitaceae, p. 262

Key to Amanita
1A. Volva saclike (i.e. forming a true sac that sheathes base of stalk as shown on p. 264); cap usually bald or with a cottony or membranous patch of universal veil tissue or occasionally with several patches or non-friable warts... 2
2B. Not with above features... 3
3A. Margin of cap distinctly striate (at least when mature)... 4
4B. Partial veil and annulus absent or rudimentary (but stalk sometimes scaly)... 8
8A. Cap dark brown to gray or grayish-brown... 9
9B. Fruiting body medium-sized to rather small and slender; cap usually gray, but sometimes grayish-brown or browm; gill edges not brown; widely distributed... 49
49B. Not as above; volva saclike... A. vaginata, p. 288

Fig. 2 Cap is a brownish-gray color with a
hump in the middle (Brooke Warren).

Fig. 3 A good sized fruiting body-same length as my hand.
This picture shows a view of the cream colored gills
(Brooke Warren).

Links:
http://www.mushroomexpert.com/amanita_vaginata.html
http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Amanita_vaginata.html
http://www.wildmanstevebrill.com/Mushrooms.Folder/Grisette.html
http://www.capsandstems.com/Amanita_vaginata.htm

Specimen #10 Agaric (Gilled) Fungus

Fig. 1 Side view of the fungus showing the way the cap
 formed to exposethe gills along its margin (Brooke Warren).

 

Fig.2 Top view of fungi growing in a lawn.
Note the warts that cover the cap.
 (Brooke Warren)
























Name: Amanita muscaria - Fly Agaric; Fly Amanita

Family: Amanitaceae

Collection Date: October 8, 2011

Habitat: Growing with a few others in a lawn

Location: Bancroft Street Hiram, Ohio



Fig. 3 As you can see this fungus comes in various colors and forms
depending on the age of the fungus (Lee, 2009).



Description: "The cap is 5-30 cm broad, round becoming convex and finally plane or slightly depressed; surface viscid when moist, color variable: bright red to blood-red, scarlet-red, or orange-red when fresh, but often fading to orange, yellow-orange, or paler; bright yellow-orange to yellow, then fading; yellow with a peachy center; or white to buff to silvery-grayish-white; covered at first with a dense coating of universal veil fragments (warts) which are usually white (but can be yellow, buff, or tan); warts flattened in age, often when young, soft in age; thick, white. The gills are adnate to adnexed or free, close, broad, white. The stalk is about 5-20 cm long, 1-3 cm thick at apex, tapering upward or equal with a basal bulb up to 6 cm broad; white or whitish, or somewhat discolored in age. The partial veil is membranous, usually forming a thin, persistent, median to superior, skirtlike ring on stalk which may collapse in age; ring white or with yellow patches, margin often torn or toothed. The universal veil is friable, forming a scaly volva at apex of bulb consisting of one or more (usually 2-4) concentric rings. The spore print is white. It usually solitary or scattered densely gregarious or in large rings in forests and at their edges, also with planted trees. Common throughout most of the northern hemisphere- its favorite mycorrhizal mates include pine, spruce, fir, birch, and aspen" (Arora p. 282, 1986).

Interesting Facts: This fungus is both poisonous and hallucinogenic. The effects vary depending on the mushroom, person, region, and the season it is found in. It is given the nickname "Fly Agaric" from the ancient practice of using the mushroom mixed with milk to stupefy flies. It is also used to concentrate vanadium, a rare, malleable, ductile metal used to add tensile strength to steel, from the soil. (Arora p. 283, 1986)
"This is the mystical, rare and powerful amanita muscaria mushroom, which gave Lewis Carroll inspiration for "Alice in Wonderland" (Algrands, n.d.).
Amanita Muscaria is also believed by some to be the Biblical Tree of Knowledge.
Collector: Brooke Warren

Key Used: Arora, D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified. New York: Ten Speed Press.

Keying Steps:

Key to the Basidiomycetes1A. Basidia and spores borne externally (on the exposed surfaces of gills, tubes,
spines, branches, lobes, etc.); spores forcibly discharged at
maturity, i.e., a spore print often (but not always) obtainable; fruiting body with a cap and stalk, or clublike,
or branched, or bracketlike, or crustlike (without a stalk or sometimes without a cap) or lobed  or bloblike, etc. ... 2
2B. Not as above... Hymenomycetes p. 58


Key to the Hymenomycetes1B. Not as above; pores and tubes absent... 3
3A. Underside of cap with radiating blades (gills)... Agaricales p. 59

Key to the Agaricales
1B. Not as above; spores forcibly discharged, hence a spore print obtainable if spores are being produced; gills
exposed at maturity; common and widespread... 2
2A. Spore print white to buff, yellow, yellow-orange, or lilac-tinged...3
3A. Universal veil enveloping young specimens and forming volva at base of stalk when it ruptures and/ or leaving numerous remnants (warts or flat patches) on cap... Amanitaceae, p. 265

Key to Amanita

1B. Volva collarlike (i.e., intergrown with base of stalk but with a free rim), scaly, warty, powdery, or indistinct but not saclike (see p. 264); cap often with many small pieces of universal veil tissue (Warts), powder, etc., occasionally with larger pieces... 15
15B. Universal veil remnants not yellow; cap may or may not be whitish... 22
22B. Not as above... 23

23B. Not as above... 24



24A. Cap brightly colored (red, orange, or yellow); partial veil present, usually forming an annulus (ring) on stalk... 25

25A. Volva usually a series of concentric rings at apex of bulbous stalk base, but sometimes only a single ring or collar; cap medium-sized to large and bright red to orange, apricot, yellow-orange, or yellow (yellow form rare in coastal California, but common in the Sierra Nevada and most of eastern North America)... A. muscaria, p. 282


Fig. 4 Has historical accounts that date back more than 6000 years ago (Algrands, n.d.).







Fig. 5 Cap view (Brooke Warren)

 






Fig. 6 View of gills, stem, and volva (Brooke Warren)

 

Additional References:

Lee, D. (2009). Toxicity, Mushrooms - Amatoxin. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1008902-overview

Amanita Muscaria - Alice in Wonderland Mushrooms!. (n.d.). Algrands.

http://www.salviasociety.org/amanita-muscaria/

Links:

http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Amanita_muscaria.html

 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1008902-overview

http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria

http://www.mushroomexpert.com/amanita_muscaria.html